Saturday, January 31, 2009

Alzheimer's Food Preference Texture
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Patients suffering from Alzheimer’s disease often run into eating problems and in severe cases this may even border on malnutrition. There are a number of reasons why Alzheimer’s disease patients are very fussy about food texture and have very pronounced preference (if at all) for certain foods.

Often the problem does not occur in isolation but is caused due to a series of events. Sores in the mouth could be caused due to ill fitting dentures which in turn are a result of weight loss. Loss of interest in food can also occur due to depression. This can be treated symptomatically for depression alone, especially in the early days. When depression lifts, appetite normally returns. As the disease progresses, the patient may simply forget to eat or drink, even if he is hungry or thirsty. At such times, it helps if you eat along with the patient and remind him to eat and drink. The texture of the food is important because it helps him to eat and drink with ease. A dry mouth associated with the side effect of some medications may make it difficult swallow or chew. Giving semi solid food and food with fiber helps by making the food easier to eat and also relieves constipation. Very often Alzheimer disease sufferers develop food fads though it is mainly later in the disease that severe malnutrition can occur. It’s difficult to make an adult eat especially if they are stronger than you or they have developed a fear or severe dislike to what you are trying to give them. It can be a very difficult situation for carers to find themselves in.

It’s important to ensure the Alzheimer sufferer receives a well balanced nourishing diet. It’s also important that special attention is paid to adequate fluid intake. Fluid is an integral part of anyone’s diet, and as the Alzheimer sufferer will often forget or not bother to ask for a drink. It’s relatively easy to not realize their fluid intake is insufficient, especially in hot weather or if the central heating is on full blast. Drinks should be offered on a regular basis, and a cold drink left nearby to remind the Alzheimer sufferer to take fluids. An excellent way of ensuring vitamin C is consumed, is offering orange juice.

Fruit and vegetables provide the vitamins and fiber needed to keep the body well nourished. Further fiber can be obtained by consuming wholegrain bread and biscuits. If the Alzheimer sufferer spits out their food or refuses to eat, this will need further investigation. They may have some gum disease or intestinal problem. Their dentures may have become loose fitting (especially if they have lost weight), or they may have lost their sensation of taste. They may also have some difficulty in swallowing which would need further investigation as this could be a sign of more serious problems.

It’s also a good idea to ensure the Alzheimer disease sufferer has been having their bowels open on a regular basis. Constipation is one of the leading causes of loss of appetite in many Alzheimer disease sufferers, and if not treated can lead on to more serious problems. Regular medication can be given for this which softens the stool and encourages the person to expel it. These encourage the bowel to become sluggish and lazy. Constipation is another reason why lots of fluid intake is important. Fluid helps to soften the stool and makes its passing much easier. ...http://www.treat-alzheimers.com

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Friday, January 30, 2009

Alzheimer's biomarkers identified
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A new report published by Biopharm Reports in Jan 2009 brings together the latest advances in the identification of biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease. It is hoped that these discoveries will provide new opportunities to tackle this disease, from research through to the clinic. Recent years have seen significant advances in this field and whilst considerable effort has focused on Aβ and tau related markers, a substantial number of other molecules have been identified, that may offer new opportunities.

The last decade has seen important advances in disease biomarkers and is gaining importance in discovery, R&D, diagnostics, therapy and in monitoring patient response to treatment. In most cases, biomarkers are molecules that are linked to the underlying disease and may provide insight from early discovery right through to the clinic. The most important biomarkers allow new tests to be developed which can be used to research, diagnostics and therapy.

Of the many disease areas where biomarkers are important, Alzheimer's Disease (AD) stands out. Despite important advances by scientists in the understanding of AD, much is still unknown in terms of the underlying disease. Biomarkers have an important role to play in helping scientists to unravel the underlying disease mechanism and in guiding physician's in the diagnosis and treating of AD.

Despite its high prevalence, AD is often undiagnosed in its early stages as the first symptoms of the disease, such as forgetfulness, are often misinterpreted as the inevitable consequences of aging. Cognitive tests are used to assess patients suspected of suffering from AD, the gold-standard of which is the ADAS Cog. This is the most advanced cognitive protocol for the assessment of patients; however, a number of simpler tests are also used, including the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Mini-Cog.

Despite its importance, ADAS Cog and similar tests present challenges in the assessment of AD symptoms and a study (Connor and Sabbagh J. Alzheimer's Dis. 2008) recently reported on a survey of possible variations in the outcome of ADAS-Cog tests in a clinical trial of 26 volunteer raters using the ADAS Cog. This survey found that the reliability of ADAS-Cog may vary significantly and affect the outcome of clinical studies. The findings have important implication in the tackling of AD, from discovery and clinical R&D, through to treatment in the clinic. With increasing numbers of global clinical trials on AD, the consistent use of such tests is increasingly important in the study of new candidate therapies. Moreover, deficiencies in the assessment of AD underlines the need to develop better tests for the disease and to find reliable biomarkers upon which such tests can be based. This new report, by John Bates PhD (Biopharm Reports) looks at important advances in the discovery of AD biomarkers, their potential in the development of new diagnostics and their integration with current drug development strategies.

Current limitation in the diagnosis and treatment of AD are therefore focussing efforts to identify biomarkers that advance understanding of the disease in both these areas. Research studies are also directed at understanding the pathogenesis of AD, in the hope that therapies can be developed that target and correct the underlying mechanisms. The current development pipeline for AD drugs indicates the emergence of a new era of disease-modifying drugs; advances that it is hoped will be facilitated by recently discovered biomarkers.

The new report identifies 60 candidate AD biomarkers and their associated studies. Of these, 49 are single species or single parameters, 7 are combinations or panels and 4 involve the measurement of two species or parameters or their ratios. These include proteins (n=34), genes (n=11), image-based parameters (n=7), small molecules (n=3), proteins + genes (n=2) and others (n=3). Of these, 30 (50%) relate to species identified in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and 19 (32%) were found in the blood. These candidate may be classified on the basis of their diagnostic utility, namely those which i) may allow AD to be detected when the disease has developed (48 of 75†= 64%), ii) may allow early detection of AD (18 of 75† = 24%) and iii) may allow AD to be predicted before the disease has begun to develop (9 of 75†= 12%). † Note: Of these, 11 were linked to two or more of these capabilities (e.g. allowed both early-stage detection as well as diagnosis after the disease has developed).

AD biomarkers identified in this report show significant diversity, however of the 60 described, 18 (30%) are associated with amyloid beta (Aβ) and 9 (15%) relate to Tau. The remainder of the biomarkers (just over half) fall into a number of different groups. Of these, some are associated with other hypotheses on the pathogenesis of AD however the vast majority are individually unique and not obviously linked with other markers. Analysis and discussion presented in this report includes summaries of the studies and clinical trials that have lead to the identification of these markers. Whilst considerable effort has focused on Aβ and tau related biomarkers, a substantial number of other molecules have been identified that may offer new opportunities to tackle AD. ...http://www.nutraingredients.com

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