Signaling in hippocampal neurons

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Scientists report that interruption of NGF or BDNF signaling in hippocampal neurons rapidly activates the amyloidogenic pathway and causes neuronal apoptotic death. These events are associated with an early intracellular accumulation of PS1 N-terminal catalytic subunits and of APP C-terminal fragments and a progressive accumulation of intra- and extracellular Aβ aggregates partly released into the culture medium. The released pool of Aβ induces an increase of APP and PS1 holoprotein levels, creating a feed-forward toxic loop that might also cause the death of healthy neurons. These events are mimicked by exogenously added Aβ and are prevented by exposure to β- and γ-secretase inhibitors and by antibodies directed against Aβ peptides. The same cultured neurons deprived of serum die, but APP and PS1 overexpression does not occur, Aβ production is undetectable, and cell death is not inhibited by anti-Aβ antibodies, suggesting that hippocampal amyloidogenesis is not a simple consequence of an apoptotic trigger but is due to interruption of neurotrophic signaling. http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2008/08/25/0806133105

Olive leaf extract shows heart benefits: Frutarom study

Extracts from olive leaves may help reduce cholesterol and blood pressure levels, according to a small human study from Israel-based supplier Frutarom. ...http://www.nutraingredients.com

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